پیوندهای مفید
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 22 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 709 |
| تعداد مقالات | 10,213 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 71,680,425 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 63,496,361 |
ارزیابی نقش جنسیت در احساس امنیت ساکنین با رویکردی بر نظریه بی نظمی | ||
| هنرهای کاربردی | ||
| دوره 4، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 14، شهریور 1403، صفحه 71-89 اصل مقاله (547.27 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22075/aaj.2021.11484.1063 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حبیب الله رمضان زاده* 1؛ محمد جواد مقصودی تلیکی2 | ||
| 1مربی، گروه مهندسی شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران. | ||
| 2استادیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 07 خرداد 1399، تاریخ بازنگری: 23 تیر 1400، تاریخ پذیرش: 26 تیر 1400 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| با توجه به اینکه نظریه بی نظمی مدعی است که نشانه های بی نظمی باعث افزایش ترس از جرم می شود، مبانی نظری و ادبیات تحقیق نیز تاثیر مستقیم بی نظمی ها را بر احساس ترس به صورت قابل تاکیدی تایید می کند. اگرچه شواهد تجربی در رابطه با اثر غیر مستقیم بی نظمی ها بر احساس ترس بسیار محدود است، اما هدف از این پژوهش بررسی رابطه بین بی نظمی، ریسک درکشده و احساس ترس با در نظر گرفتن فاکتور جنسیت به عنوان یک متغیر کنترل است. پرسش اصلی پژوهش آن است که آیا بینظمیهای اجتماعی، هم به صورت مستقیم و هم غیرمستقیم از طریق ریسک درکشده، بر احساس ترس ساکنان تأثیر میگذارند و آیا این تأثیر میان زنان و مردان متفاوت است؟ جامعه آماری این تحقیق نمونه ای ۱۶۰ نفره از ساکنین یک منطقه مسکونی که در مالزی سکونت دارند، می باشد که با روش پیمایشی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاصل از مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری نشان می دهد که علاوه بر رابطه ی مستقیم، یک رابطه ی غیرمستقیم بین میزان بی نظمی و احساس ترس به واسطه ی ریسک درکشده وجود دارد. همراستا با تحقیقات پیشین، این تحقیق تاکید می کند که زنان بیش از مردان، میزان بی نظمی، ریسک درکشده و احساس ترس را تجربه کرده اند. بر پایه نتایج پژوهش حاضر، نظریه ی بی نظمی در جامعه مالزی به صورت تجربی آزموده می شود و نشان داده می شود که یافته های مطالعات تحقیقاتی پیشین اتفاقی و تصادفی نبوده اند. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| بینظمی اجتماعی؛ بینظمی کالبدی؛ ریسک درکشده؛ محیط مسکونی؛ مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری | ||
| موضوعات | ||
| هنرهای وابسته به محیط و کالبد شهری | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Examining Gender Differences in Residents’ Perception of Safety Based on the Incivilities Thesis | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Habibullah Ramezanzadeh1؛ Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki2 | ||
| 1Instructor, Department of Urban Engineering, Faculty of Arts, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The incivilities thesis posits that signs of incivilities increase fear of crime. Despite all the hoopla about the management of incivilities can make safer communities, the empirical literature on examining the indirect effect of the incivilities thesis is limited. Interventions require a better understanding of the neighbourhood correlates of both cognitive (perceived risk) and affective (fear of crime) responses to crime. This study examines the associations between disorder, perceived risk and fear of crime by considering gender as a control variable in a sample of 160 residents in Malaysia. The main research question is whether social disorders, both directly and indirectly through perceived risk, affect residents’ fear, and whether this effect differs between women and men? The results of structural equation modelling reveal that high disorder is positively associated with perceived risk and fear of crime. Likewise, perceived risk mediates the relationship between disorder and fear of crime. Consistent with prior research, women perceived higher levels of disorder, perceived risk and fear of crime. In addition, over time, the results provide empirical support for the initial classic theory, incivilities thesis. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Social Disorder, Physical Disorder, Perceived Risk, Residential Area, Structural Equation Modelling | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- احمدی، حبیب؛ سروش، مریم؛ افراسیابی، حسین (۱۳۸۸)، ترس از جرم در مناطق جرم خیز شهر شیراز، فصلنامه ی جامعه شناسی کاربردی، سال بیستم، شماره ۲، 80- 65.
- احمدی، سیروس؛ حیدری، آرمان (۱۳۹۳)، بررسی تفاوت های جنسیتی در احساس ناامنی، فصلنامه ی پژوهش های راهبردی امنیت و نظم اجتماعی، سال سوم، شماره اول، ۳۱-۴۴.
- ادیبی سعدی نژاد، فاطمه؛ عظیمی، آزاده (۱۳۹۰)، تبیین امنیت در محیط شهری بر مبنای پارامترهای کالبدی و طراحی (مورد: شهر بابلسر)، فصلنامه ی جغرافیایی آمایش محیط، شماره 15، 105-81.
- براتی، ناصر؛ سلیمان نژاد، محمدعلی (۱۳۹۰)، ادراک محرک ها در محیط کنترل شده و تأثیر جنسیت بر آن، فصلنامه ی باغ نظر، سال هشتم، شماره 17، 30-19.
- هاشمیان فر، سیدعلی؛ کاردوست، بیژن (۱۳۹۳)، بررسی تفاوتهای نابهنجاریهای اجتماعی در مناطق سنتی و مدرن شهر همدان از نظر ساکنان، فصلنامه ی مطالعات جامعه شناختی شهری، سال چهارم، شماره 11، 216-181.
- Abdullah, A., Hedayati Marzbali, M., Ramayah, T., Bahauddin, A., & Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J. (2013), Territorial functioning and fear of crime: Testing for mediation in structural equation modeling. Security Journal. doi:10.1057/sj.2013.40. - Abdullah, A., Hedayati Marzbali, M., & Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J (2013), Predicting the Influence of CPTED on Perceived Neighbourhood Cohesion: Considering Differences across Age. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 54-64. - Abdullah, A., Marzbali, M. H., Tilaki, M. J. M., & Bahauddin, A (2014), An Assessmet of the Incivilities Thesis: Examining Gender Differences. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 7(5), 27. - Abdullah, A., Hedayati Marzbali, M., Woolley, H., Bahauddin, A., & Maliki, N. Z (2014), Testing for Individual Factors for the Fear of Crime Using a Multiple Indicator-Multiple Cause Model. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 20(1), 1-22. doi:10.1007/s10610-013-9208-4. - Akter, S., D'Ambra, J., & Ray, P (2011), Trustworthiness in mHealth information services: An assessment of a hierarchical model with mediating and moderating effects using partial least squares (PLS). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(1), 100-116. - Austin, D. M., Furr, L. A., & Spine, M (2002), The effects of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of safety. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(5), 417-427. - Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A (1986), The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. - Callanan, V. J., & Teasdale, B (2009), An Exploration of Gender Differences in Measurement of Fear of Crime. Feminist Criminology, 4(4), 359-376. - Carmona, M., Tiesdell, S., Heath, T., & Oc, T (2010), Public places, urban spaces: the dimensions of urban design (Second Ed.). UK: Elsevier. - Chin, W. W (1998), The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum. - Chin, W. W (2010), How to write up and report PLS analyses. In V. E. Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and application (pp. 655-690). New York: Springer. - Cossman, J. S., & Rader, N. E (2011), Fear of crime and personal vulnerability: Examining self-reported health. Sociological Spectrum, 31(2), 141-162. - Crowe, T. D (2000), Crime prevention through environmental design: Applications of architectural design and space management concepts (second ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. - Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J (1993), An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman & Hall. - Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H (2010), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications. New York: Springer. - Farrall, S., Gray, E., & Jackson, J (2007), Theorising the fear of crime: The cultural and social significance of insecurities about crime. Experience & Expression in the Fear of Crime Working Paper(5). - Ferraro, K. F., & LaGrange, R (1987), The Measurement of Fear of Crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57(1), 70-97. - Ferraro, K. F., & LaGrange, R. L (1992), Are older people most afraid of crime? Reconsidering age differences in fear of victimization. Journal of Gerontology, 47(5), S233 - S244. - Fisher, B. S., & Sloan, J. J (2003), Unraveling the fear of victimization among college women: Is the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis supported. Justice Quarterly, 20(3), 633-659. - Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F (1981), Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. - Franklin, C. A., & Franklin, T. W (2009), Predicting Fear of Crime: Considering Differences Across Gender. Feminist Criminology, 4(1), 83-106. - Franklin, T. W., Franklin, C. A., & Fearn, N. E (2008), A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder, and social integration models of fear of crime. Social Justice Research, 21(2), 204-227. - Garofalo, J., & Laub, J (1978), The fear of crime: Broadening our perspective. Victimology, 3(3-4), 242-253. - Gibson, C. L., Zhao, J., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J (2002), Social integration, individual perceptions of collective efficacy, and fear of crime in three cities. Justice Quarterly, 19(3), 537-564. - Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective (7th ed.). United States: Pearson. - Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R (2006), Multivariate data analysis: Pearson. - Hayes, A. F (2009), Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. - Hedayati Marzbali, M., Abdullah, A., Razak, N. A., & Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J (2012), The Influence of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design on Victimisation and Fear of Crime. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(2), 79-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.12.005. - Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R (2009), The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in international marketing, 20(1), 277-319. - Hulland, J (1999), Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 20(2), 195-204. - Kline, R. B (2010), Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Third ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. - LaGrange, R. L., & Ferraro, K. F (1989), Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime. Criminology, 27(4), 697-720. - LaGrange, R. L., Ferraro, K. F., & Supancic, M (1992), Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29(3), 311-334. - LaViolette, A. D., & Barnett, O. W (2000), It could happen to anyone: Why battered women stay (2end ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. - Liljander, V., Polsa, P., & Van Riel, A (2009), Modelling consumer responses to an apparel store brand: Store image as a risk reducer. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 16(4), 281-290. - MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M (2000), Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173-181. - McCord, E. S., Ratcliffe, J. H., Garcia, R. M., & Taylor, R. B (2007), Nonresidential crime attractors and generators elevate perceived neighborhood crime and incivilities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 44(3), 295-320. - McCrea, R., Shyy, T. K., Western, J., & Stimson, R. J (2005), Fear of crime in Brisbane: individual, social and neighbourhood factors in perspective. Journal of Sociology, 41(1), 7-27. - Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H (1994), Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. - Patterson, A. H (1978), Territorial behavior and fear of crime in the elderly. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 2(3), 131-144. - Pauwels, L. J. R., & Svensson, R (2011), Exploring the relationship between offending and victimization: What is the role of risky lifestyles and low self-control? A test in two urban samples. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 16, 15-27. - Pavlou, P. A., & Gefen, D (2004), Building effective online marketplaces with institution-based trust. Information Systems Research, 15(1), 37-59. - Perkins, D. D., & Taylor, R. B (1996), Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1), 63-107. - Perkins, D. D., Meeks, J. W., & Taylor, R. B (1992), The physical environment of street blocks and resident perceptions of crime and disorder: implications for theory and measurement1. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(1), 21-34. - Perkins, D. D., Wandersman, A., Rich, R. C., & Taylor, R. B (1993), The Physical Environment of Street Crime: Defensible Space, Territoriality and Incivilities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 29-49. - Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W (1986), Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of management, 12(4), 531-544. - Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P (2003), Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879-903. - Ranasinghe, P (2012), Jane Jacobs’ framing of public disorder and its relation to the ‘broken windows’ theory. Theoretical Criminology, 16(1), 63-84. - Reid, L. W., & Konrad, M (2004), The gender gap in fear: Assessing the interactive effects of gender and perceived risk on fear of crime. Sociological Spectrum, 24(4), 399-425. - Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2005), SmartPLS 2.0. Hamburg. Retrieved from www.smartpls.de - Ross, C. E., & Jang, S. J (2000), Neighborhood disorder, fear, and mistrust: The buffering role of social ties with neighbors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(4), 401-420. - Ross, C. E., Reynolds, J. R., & Geis, K. J (2000), The contingent meaning of neighborhood stability for residents' psychological well-being. American Sociological Review, 65(4), 581-597. - Rountree, P. W., & Land, K. C (1996), Perceived Risk Versus Fear of Crime: Empirical Evidence of Conceptually Distinct Reaction in Survey Data. Social Forces, 74(4), 1353-1376. - Royal Malaysian Police (2010), Index Crime Statistics Police Headquarters, Police Department. Kuala Lampur, Bukit Aman: Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM). - Salleh, A. G (2008), Neighbourhood factors in private low-cost housing in Malaysia. Habitat International, 32(4), 485-493. - Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W (1999), Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 603-651. - Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W (2004), Seeing Disorder: neighborhood stigma and the social construction of" broken windows". Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(4), 319-342. - Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D (1942), Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of delinquents in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities: University of Chicago Press. - Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N (2002), Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods; Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. - Sobel, M. E (1982), Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects on structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). NewYork: Jossey-Bass. - Swatt, M. L., Varano, S. P., Uchida, C. D., & Solomon, S. E (2013), Fear of crime, incivilities, and collective efficacy in four Miami neighborhoods. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(1), 1-11. - Taylor, R. B (2003), Incivilities Thesis. In K. Christensen & D. Levinson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World (pp. 647-649). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. - Taylor, R. B., & Hale, M (1986), Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 77(1), 151-189. - Wallace, D (2012), Examining Fear and Stress as Mediators Between Disorder Perceptions and Personal Health, Depression, and Anxiety. Social Science Research, 41(6), 1515–1528. - Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schroder, G., & Van Oppen, C (2009), Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. Mis Quarterly, 33(1), 177-195. - Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L (1982), Broken Windows: The Police and Public Safety. Atlantic Monthly, 249(March), 29-38. - Wyant, B. R (2008), Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(1), 39-64. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 441 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 218 |
||