Influence of Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Epoxy Phenol Novolac Resin

[1]   Bharat, N., Dhinakaran, V., Mishra, V. & Kumar, V., 2025. Development and characterization of novel pla/henna biocomposites for sustainable additive manufacturing. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 35(3), pp.1-18.

[2]   Mishra, V., Bharat, N., Veeman, D., Negi, S. & Kumar, V., 2025. Statistical and machine-learning models to predict the flexural properties of wood-based composites fabricated via material extrusion technique. Wood Material Science & Engineering, pp.1-15.

[3]   Bharat, N., Kumar, V., Veeman, D. & Vellaisamy, M., 2025. Enhancing mechanical properties of 3d-printed pla/wood composites: A metaheuristic and statistical perspective. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 83(3), pp.1-22.

[4]   Thomas, R., Yumei, D., Yuelong, H., Le, Y., Moldenaers, P., Weimin, Y., Czigany, T. & Thomas, S.J.P., 2008. Miscibility, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of a dgeba based epoxy resin toughened with a liquid rubber. Polymer, 49(1), pp.278-294.

[5]   Ozturk, A., Kaynak, C. & Tincer, T.J.E.P.J., 2001. Effects of liquid rubber modification on the behaviour of epoxy resin. European Polymer Journal, 37(12), pp.2353-2363.

[6]   Latha, P., Adhinarayanan, K., Ramaswamy, R.J.I.J.O.A. & Adhesives, 1994. Epoxidized hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene-synthesis,  characterization and toughening studies. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 14 (1), pp.57-61.

[7]   Kou, Y., Zhou, W., Li, B., Dong, L., Duan, Y.-E., Hou, Q., Liu, X., Cai, H., Chen, Q., Dang, Z.-M.J.C.P.a.a.S. & Manufacturing, 2018. Enhanced mechanical and dielectric properties of an epoxy resin modified with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 114, pp.97-106.

[8]   Abdollahi, H., Salimi, A. & Barikani, M.J.J.O.a.P.S., 2016. Synthesis and architecture study of a reactive polybutadiene polyamine as a toughening agent for epoxy resin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(40), pp.1-13.

[9]   Tian, X., Geng, Y., Yin, D., Zhang, B. & Zhang, Y.J.P.T., 2011. Studies on the properties of a thermosetting epoxy modified with chain-extended ureas containing hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene. Polymer Testing, 30(1), pp.16-22.

[10] Barcia, F.L., Amaral, T.P. & Soares, B.G.J.P., 2003. Synthesis and properties of epoxy resin modified with epoxy-terminated liquid polybutadiene. Polymer, 44(19), pp.5811-5819.

[11] Januszewski, R., Dutkiewicz, M., Nowicki, M., Szołyga, M., Kownacki, I.J.I. & Research, E.C., 2021. Synthesis and properties of epoxy resin modified with novel reactive liquid rubber-based systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 60(5), pp.2178-2186.

[12] Hosseini, S.R. & Alavi Nikje, M.M.J.P.C., 2023. Synthesis and characterization of novel epoxy‐urethane coating and its graphene nanocomposites. polymer composites, 44 (5), pp.2794-2803.

[13] Nirmal, C., Maithi, S., Padmavathi, T., Vanaja, A. & Rao, R.J.H.P.P., 2006. Studies on hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene toughened phenolic resin. High Performance Polymers 18 (1), pp.57-69.

[14] Megiatto Jr, J.D., Ramires, E.C., Frollini, E.J.I.C. & Products, 2010. Phenolic matrices and sisal fibers modified with hydroxy terminated polybutadiene rubber: Impact strength, water absorption, and morphological aspects of thermosets and composites. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(1), pp.178-184.

[15] Jafari, F., Eslami-Farsani, R., Khalili, S.J.F. & Polymers, 2021. Optimization of mechanical and thermal properties of elastomer modified carbon fibers/phenolic resin composites. Fibers and Polymers 22(7), pp.1986-1994.

[16] Zhou, W. & Cai, J.J.J.O.a.P.S., 2012. Mechanical and dielectric properties of epoxy resin modified using reactive liquid rubber (htpb). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 124(5), pp.4346-4351.

[17] Mousavi, S.R., Estaji, S., Rostami, E., Khonakdar, H.A. & Arjmand, M.J.P.F.a.T., 2022. Effect of a novel green modification of alumina nanoparticles on the curing kinetics and electrical insulation properties of epoxy composites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 33(1), pp.49-65.

[18] Khamidullin, O., Madiyarova, G. & Amirova, L., 2024. Structural effects on heat capacity, moisture absorption and thermal expansion of epoxy-novolac polymers. Chemical Physics, 587, pp.1-9.

[19] Fan, C., Zhang, R., Luo, X., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhang, W., Liu, J. & Liu, J., 2023. Epoxy phenol novolac resin: A novel precursor to construct high performance hard carbon anode toward enhanced sodium-ion batteries. Carbon, 205, pp.353-364.

[20] Madiyarova, G.M., Khamidullin, O.L. & Amirova, L.M., 2023. Evaluation of heat capacity, moisture and thermal expansion of polymers based on a number of epoxy novolac resins. Moisture and Thermal Expansion of Polymers Based on a Number of Epoxy Novolac Resins. Chemical Physics, 587, pp.112422-112431.

[21] Shokralla, E.A., 2025. Improving the thermal stability and dielectric properties of epoxy/phenolic resin type (novolac) composites by incorporating carbon nanofibers (cnfs). Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, pp.2154-2154.

[22] Mi, X., Liang, N., Xu, H., Wu, J., Jiang, Y., Nie, B. & Zhang, D.J.P.I.M.S., 2022. Toughness and its mechanisms in epoxy resins. Progress in Materials Science, 130, pp.100977.

[23] Neves, R.M., Ornaghi Jr, H.L., Zattera, A.J. & Amico, S.C., 2022. Toughening epoxy resin with liquid rubber and its hybrid composites: A systematic review. Journal of Polymer Research, 29(8), pp.340.

[24] Zotti, A., Zuppolini, S., Zarrelli, M., Borriello, A.J.a.-A. & Properties, 2016. Fracture toughening mechanisms in epoxy adhesives. 1, pp.257.

[25] Yee, A.F. & Pearson, R.a.J.J.O.M.S., 1986. Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies: Part 1 mechanical studies. Journal of Materials Science, 21, pp.2462-2474.

[26] Mi, X., Liang, N., Xu, H., Wu, J., Jiang, Y., Nie, B. & Zhang, D., 2022. Toughness and its mechanisms in epoxy resins. Progress in Materials Science, 130, pp.100977.

[27] Sue, H.-J., Garcia-Meitin, E.I. & Pickelman, D.M., 2020. Toughening concept in rubber-modified high performance epoxies. Elastomer technology handbook. CRC Press, pp.661-700.

[28] Thomas, R., Sinturel, C., Pionteck, J.R., Puliyalil, H., Thomas, S.J.I. & Research, E.C., 2012. In-situ cure and cure kinetic analysis of a liquid rubber modified epoxy resin. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(38), pp.12178-12191.

[29] Dong, L., Zhou, W., Sui, X., Wang, Z., Wu, P., Zuo, J., Cai, H., Liu, X.J.J.O.E. & Plastics, 2017. Thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of epoxy resin modified using carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene liquid rubber. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 49(4), pp.281-297.

[30] Dong, L., Zhou, W., Sui, X., Wang, Z., Cai, H., Wu, P., Zuo, J. & Liu, X.J.J.O.E.M., 2016. A carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene liquid rubber modified epoxy resin with enhanced toughness and excellent electrical properties. Journal of Electronic Materials, 45, pp.3776-3785.

[31] Abdollahi, H., Salimi, A. & Barikani, M., 2016. Synthesis and architecture study of a reactive polybutadiene polyamine as a toughening agent for epoxy resin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(40), pp.44061-44074.

[32] Zhou, J., He, M., Zhang, Y., Huang, H. & Yuan, Y.,2023. Study on the effect of sio2 content on the properties of epoxy resin. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2713, pp. 1-7.