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النقد ما بعد الكولونيالي لرواية «مخمل» لحزامة حبايب في ضوء نظرية هومي بابا | ||
| دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها | ||
| دوره 16، شماره 42، خرداد 2026، صفحه 251-280 اصل مقاله (573.07 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقالة بحثيّة أصيلة (علميّة محكّمة) | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22075/lasem.2025.39407.1513 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سمانة دهقاني1؛ محسن سیفي* 2 | ||
| 1طالبة دکتوراه في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة کاشان، کاشان، إيران. | ||
| 2أستاذ مشارك في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة كاشان،كاشان،إيران. | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 23 مهر 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 25 آذر 1404، تاریخ پذیرش: 04 دی 1404 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تحظى قضيّة الهجرة، وتحديداً الهوية العابرة للحدود، بأهميّة خاصة في الدراسات ما بعد الكولونياليّة. فابتعاد المهاجر عن وطنه الأم ووجوده في صميم ثقافة غريبة يؤدّي إلى تشكّل هويّة هجينة لديه، وهي هويّة تتحدّى الحدود الفاصلة بين الذات والآخر وسائر الثنائيات المتقابلة. تركز رواية «مخمَل» للكاتبة الفلسطينية "حزامة حبايب" على الأبعاد الإنسانيّة والعاطفية لحياة الفلسطينيين في مخيّم البقعة للاجئين بالأردن، وتستكشف، بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر، التداعيات العميقة والمستمرة للاستعمار على البنى الاجتماعية والنفسيّة والثقافيّة للأفراد من خلال تناول الحياة داخل مخيم اللاجئين. تقوم هذه الدراسة على توظيف المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، بالاستناد إلى نقد ما بعد الاستعمار ومفاهيم هومي كي. بابا، مثل «الهويّة الهجينة»، و«المحاكاة» و«الفضاء الثالث»، وذلك من أجل تمثيلات المرأة والهوية الفلسطينية في رواية مخمل ضمن سياقات الاستعمار وما بعد الاستعمار. وتركّز الدراسة على آليات السرد وبناء الشخصيات بوصفها أدوات للكشف عن أشكال المقاومة التي يطرحها النص في مواجهة الخطابات المهيمنة. تُظهر نتائج البحث أن رواية «مخمل» لا تكتفي بتقويض الخطابات التقليدية السائدة حول المخيم، بل تمنح التجربة الفلسطينية أبعاداً جديدة تتجاوز الأُطر التقليدية وتعيد صياغة العلاقة بين الذات والآخر. ويؤكّد التحليل أن المقاومة في سياق ما بعد الكولونياليّة لا تتجلّى فقط في المواجهة المباشرة، بل في القدرة على إعادة التفاوض وإعادة الكتابة، حيث تتجنّب الرواية فخ إعادة إنتاج صورة الفلسطيني اللّاجئ كضحية ساكنة، وتؤسسه كذات فاعلة تمارس صمودها الرمزي والمعنوي. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| النقد ما بعد الكولونيالي؛ هومي بابا؛ الفضاء الثالث؛ الهوية الهجينة؛ رواية مخْمَل | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Postcolonial Criticism of Huzama Habayeb’s Novel Makhmal in Light of Homi Bhabha’s Theory | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Samaneh Dehghani1؛ Mohsen Seifi2 | ||
| 1Phd Studen in the Department of Arabic Language and Literature, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. | ||
| 2Associate Professor in Department of Arabic Language and Literature, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The issue of migration, particularly the transnational identity of migrants, holds significant importance in postcolonial studies. A migrant’s departure from their homeland and immersion in the center of an alien culture lead to the formation of a “composite” identity that challenges the boundaries between self and other, as well as other binary oppositions. The novel Velvet (Makhmal) by the Palestinian writer Huzama Habayeb focuses on the human and emotional dimensions of the lives of Palestinians in the Baqa'a Refugee Camp in Jordan. Through its portrayal of life within the refugee camp, the novel explores, both directly and indirectly, the profound and enduring repercussions of colonialism on the social, psychological, and cultural structures of individuals. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method grounded in postcolonial criticism and draws upon Homi Bhabha’s concepts of “Hybrid Identity,” “Mimicry,” and the “Third Space” to analyze the representations of women and Palestinian identity in the novel Velvet within colonial and postcolonial contexts. The study focuses on narrative techniques and character construction as tools for revealing the forms of resistance articulated by the text against dominant discourses. The findings demonstrate that the novel not only destabilizes these discourses but also grants the Palestinian experience new dimensions that transcend conventional frameworks and redefine the relationship between self and other. The novel illustrates that resistance in the postcolonial context is manifested not solely through direct confrontation, but through the capacity for re-representation, re-negotiation, and re-writing within the structures of dominant discourse. Furthermore, through the lens of Homi Bhabha’s theory—particularly the concepts of “Third Space,” “Hybridity,” and “Mimicry”—the novel avoids reproducing the image of the Palestinian refugee as a passive victim. Instead, it presents the refugee as an active agent who engages in symbolic and moral resistance through a continuous process of negotiation with both self and other. Ultimately, the novel opens new horizons for understanding Palestinian identity as an ongoing project of negotiation, resistance, and re-creation. Keywords: Postcolonial Criticism; Homi Bhabha; Third Space; Hybrid Identity; Velvet (Makhmal). Introduction Postcolonial criticism, as one of the major approaches within cultural studies, emerged as a pioneering intellectual framework through the works of influential thinkers such as Edward Said in the 1970s. Within this framework, critics examine and analyze the differences and confrontations between cultures, nations, and civilizations as manifested through categories such as race, color, class, gender, and nationality. Identity crises resulting from migration and displacement constitute one of the central concerns of postcolonial criticism, particularly in contexts characterized by an ongoing conflict between the culture of origin and the culture of exile. The novel Mokhmal by Huzama Habayeb presents a compelling narrative of a woman’s resistance to violence, forced marriage, and social restrictions, while simultaneously portraying her search for love, beauty, and identity within a life marked by suffering and oppression. The novel stands not merely as an intense literary work, but as a space for the production of new meanings and identities, as well as for the formation of modes of resistance that transcend conventional frameworks of culture and identity. Theoretical Framework Postcolonial criticism has become an essential analytical framework for the study of literary works that examine cultural interactions, power relations, and the enduring impact of colonialism. This approach seeks to deconstruct dominant discourses within texts and recover the voices of marginalized groups, while also highlighting the mechanisms through which identity and memory are constructed in the postcolonial era. Owing to its broad narrative capacity, the novel provides an ideal medium for exploring these complex issues. The Third Space and Hybrid Identity The concept of the “Third Space” allows cultural meanings to remain dynamic and open to reinterpretation. The novel Mokhmal portrays life in a deteriorating refugee camp and explores the struggles and suffering of its inhabitants. Within the narrative, the camp is transformed into a “Third Space” in which hybrid identities are formed under conditions of poverty, misery, and human suffering. Cultural hybridity, as theorized by Homi K. Bhabha, refers to the intersection of identities and cultures within the “Third Space,” generating flexible and resistant identities. In Mokhmal, Al-Sit Qamar’s sewing workshop provides Hawa with skills, dignity, and exposure to external fashions, enabling her to connect her economic identity with broader cultural influences. Hawa’s ability to create modern, Western-inspired clothing from simple fabrics exemplifies cultural hybridity by producing a unique blend of camp culture and external cultural influences. The workshop becomes a space in which poverty, production, and aesthetics converge, allowing Hawa to develop a practical hybrid identity that supports her survival within the novel’s “Third Space.” Psychological Hybridity and Mimicry Psychological hybridity refers to a complex internal condition in which the components of an individual’s identity intersect or fragment, producing a form of double consciousness. This concept occupies a central position in postcolonial theory, particularly in studies of identity formation among individuals living between conflicting cultures. Mimicry, as analyzed by Homi K. Bhabha, functions as an active strategy within colonial discourse through the production of a modified and recognizable “other.” Such mimicry simultaneously creates similarity and difference, thereby destabilizing and threatening colonial authority. The Construction of the Other The construction of the “other” constitutes a rhetorical and political strategy through which a group is defined as fundamentally different from the dominant group. This process serves to legitimize domination and justify marginalization. Novel Analysis In Mokhmal, the author reconstructs the relationship between self and other by foregrounding feminine identity within the context of a Palestinian refugee camp. The protagonist, Hawa, defines her identity through her interactions with the camp’s inhabitants, particularly the women of her generation. The text examines the effects of poverty and disease on life within the camp, while also exploring the influence of both internal and external forms of “otherness” on Hawa’s identity formation. Conclusion Through the theoretical lens of Homi K. Bhabha, the novel Mokhmal portrays Palestinian refugees not as passive victims, but as active agents of resistance. The camp emerges as a “Third Space” in which new meanings and identities are produced through cultural interaction and alienation. The novel challenges traditional discourses by introducing new dimensions to the Palestinian experience. It shifts the focus from revolutionary and masculine narratives toward everyday feminine perspectives, presenting the camp as a site of creativity and resistance. At the same time, the novel exposes forms of internal oppression, including patriarchal violence and poverty, which threaten feminine identity. Hybrid identity consequently plays a crucial role in the creation of a third psychological space that enables the reconstruction of the self. Ultimately, the novel redefines the image of the refugee by portraying a complex human being who continuously reconstructs identity through culture, love, poverty, and violence. In doing so, the work enriches Arab postcolonial discourse and offers a new understanding of Palestinian identity as an ongoing project of negotiation, resistance, and re-creation. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Postcolonial Criticism, Homi Bhabha, Third Space, Hybrid Identity, Velvet Novel (Makhmaľ) | ||
| مراجع | ||
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قائمة المصادر والمراجع
أولاً: المصادر العربيّة
أ.الكتب
ب.المجلات
ثانياً: المصادر الفارسية
أ.الكتب
ثالثاً: المصادر الإنجليزيّة
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 104 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 46 |
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