Comparison of the Brain-Behavioral Systems, Existential Anxiety and Positive and Negative Affects Between Non-clinical Samples with Narcissistic and Borderline Traits and Normal Individuals | ||
| روانشناسی بالینی: نوآوریها در پژوهش و عمل | ||
| Article 1, Volume 10, Issue 3 - Serial Number 39, February 2019, Pages 1-12 PDF (659.58 K) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.22075/jcp.2019.12375.1205 | ||
| Authors | ||
| M Dehghan,* 1; M Shahgholian,2; A Rasooli, .3 | ||
| 1Departmant of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 3Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| Receive Date: 12 February 2018, Accept Date: 05 January 2019 | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Introduction: The present study was conducted to compare the brain-behavioral systems, existential anxiety and positive and negative affects among non-clinical samples of individuals with narcissistic and borderline personalitiy traits with normal people. Method: Using an expo-facto design among 200 individuals in 18 to 30 years age range in Tehran, 90 participants (30 borderline, 30 narcissistic and 30 normal people) were selected based on their narcissism and borderline scores. The data were collected by Positive and Negative Experience Scale, Communication Skills Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Behavioral Inhibition/ Activation Systems Scale, and Existential Anxiety Scale and analyzed by a MANOVA statistical analysis. Results: Positive affect in the normal group was significantly higher than the borderline group,whereas no difference observed between borderline and narcissistic groups. No significant differences were evident for the negative affect and existential anxiety between normal and narcissistic groups as well. However the mean of negative affect and existential anxiety of the borderline group was significantly higher in the both normal and narcissistic groups. No significant level of inhibition and activation system were obtained between study groups as well. Conclusion: In general, a higher negative affect and existential anxiety could diffenciate borderlines from narcisisistics and normal individuals. This may have important therapeutic and educational implications for clinicians. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Brain-behavioral system; existential anxiety; affect; narcissistic; borderline | ||
| References | ||
|
1- Moormann PP, Bermond B, Vorst HC, Bloemendaal AF, Teijn SM, Rood L. New avenues in alexithymia research: The creation of alexithymia types. Emotion regulation: Springer; 2008. p. 27-42. 2- Miller JD, Campbell WK. Comparing clinical and social‐personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of personality. 2008; 76(3): 449-76. 3- Miller JD, Price J, Gentile B, Lynam DR, Campbell WK. Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism from the perspective of the interpersonal circumplex. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012; 53(4): 507-12. 4- Abdi R, Nasiri, A. The role of abnormal personality dimensions in predicting narcissistic personality traits. Journal of Thought Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 2015; 9(37): 27-36. 5- Hopwood CJ, Zanarini MC. Five-factor trait instability in borderline relative to other personality disorders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 2010; 1(1): 58. 6- Sabouri S, Gerber M, Lemola S, Becker SP, Shamsi M, Shakouri Z, et al. Examining Dark Triad traits in relation to sleep disturbances, anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in young adults. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2016; 68: 103-10. 7- Armstrong T, Kelly S, Beard C, Rifkin L, Björgvinsson T. Parsing sensitivity to negative affect in borderline personality disorder: A comparison of anxiety and disgust. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017; 119: 24-9. 8- Gray JA. Three fundamental emotion systems. The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions. 1994; 14: 243-7. 9- Jackson CJ. Jackson-5 scales of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) and their application to dysfunctional real world outcomes. Journal of Research in Personality. 2009; 43(4): 556-69. 10- Clark LA. Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007; 58: 227-57. 11- Livesley WJ, Jang KL. Differentiating normal, abnormal, and disordered personality. European Journal of Personality: Published for the European Association of Personality Psychology. 2005; 19(4): 257-68. 12- Samuel DB, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Ball SA. Personality disorders as maladaptive, extreme variants of normal personality: Borderline personality disorder and neuroticism in a substance using sample. Journal of personality disorders. 2013; 27(5): 625-35. 13- Miller JD, Campbell WK. The case for using research on trait narcissism as a building block for understanding narcissistic personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, research, and treatment. 2010; 1(3): 180. 14- Majad-Ara E, Bigdeli I, Najafi M, Rashn Sh. Direct and Indirect Impact of Effects on Anxiety and Depression in Elderly: The Mediating Role of Difficulty in Emotion Regulatio. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2016; 8 (2): 89-98. 15- Spindler H, Denollet J, Kruse C, Pedersen SS. Positive affect and negative affect correlate differently with distress and health-related quality of life in patients with cardiac conditions: Validation of the Danish Global Mood Scale. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2009; 67(1): 57-65. 16- Mullins-Sweatt SN, Edmundson M, Sauer-Zavala S, Lynam DR, Miller JD, Widiger TA. Five-factor measure of borderline personality traits. Journal of Personality Assessment. 2012; 94(5): 475-87. 17- Rhodewalt F, Morf CC. On self-aggrandizement and anger: A temporal analysis of narcissism and affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1998; 74(3): 672. 18- Mahmoud Alilou M JS, Hashemi T, Pour Esmaeeli A. . Prediction of Cluster-B Personality Models Based on SensationSeeking and Brain-Behavioral Systems. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 2013; 8: 67-76. 19- Besser A, Zeigler-Hill V. The influence of pathological narcissism on emotional and motivational responses to negative events: The roles of visibility and concern about humiliation. Journal of Research in Personality. 2010; 44(4): 520-34. 20- Zhang H, Wang Z, You X, Lü W, Luo Y. Associations between narcissism and emotion regulation difficulties: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity as a moderator. Biological psychology. 2015; 110: 1-11. 21- Hickman SE, Watson P, Morris RJ. Optimism, pessimism, and the complexity of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences. 1996; 20(4): 521-5. 22- Malkin ML, Barry CT, Zeigler-Hill V. Covert narcissism as a predictor of internalizing symptoms after performance feedback in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 2011; 51(5): 623-8. 23- Atlas GD, Them MA. Narcissism and sensitivity to criticism: A preliminary investigation. Current Psychology. 2008; 27(1): 62. 24- Nooralizadeh Miyanji M, Janbozorgi M. Relationship between existential anxiety and Morbid anxiety and to compare them in three groups of offenders, ordinary and religious. J Psychol and Religion. 2010; 3(2): 29-44. 25- Weems CF, Costa NM, Dehon C, Berman SL. Paul Tillich's theory of existential anxiety: A preliminary conceptual and empirical examination. Anxiety, Stress & Coping. 2004; 17(4): 383-99. 26- Berman SL, Weems CF, Stickle TR. Existential anxiety in adolescents: Prevalence, structure, association with psychological symptoms andidentity development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2006; 35(3): 285-92. 27- Mohammadzadeh A, Jomehri-Kohneshahri, R. The Comparison of Personality Traits, Trait and State Anxiety and Existential Anxiety among Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Normal People. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2016; 8(29): 82-90 28- Hullett MA. A Validation Study of the Existential Anxiety Scale. 1994. 29- Muris P, Merckelbach H, Schmidt H, Gadet B, Bogie N. Anxiety and depression as correlates of self-reported behavioural inhibition in normal adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001;39(9): 1051-61. 30- Corr PJ. Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST): Introduction. 2008. 31- Steptoe A, O'donnell K, Marmot M, Wardle J. Positive affect and psychosocial processes related to health. British Journal of Psychology. 2008; 99(2): 211-27. 32- Shareh H, Alimoradi A. Brain Behavioral Systems, Metacognitive Beliefs, and Thought Control Strategies in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. 2013. 33- Gomez R, Watson S, Gomez A. Interrelationships of the Rothbart's temperament model constructs with revised-reinforcement sensitivity theory constructs. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 99: 118-21. 34- Pickering A CPJA. Gray’s Reinforcement Sensivity theory (RST) of personality. In The Sage Handbook of Personality theory and assessment. Thousand Oaks CA, USA: Sage Publication. 2008. 35- Taylor J RM, James L, Bobadilla L. . Disinhibitory trait profile and its relation to cluster B personality disorder features and substance use problems. European Journal of Personality: Published for the European Association of Personality Psychology. 2006; 20(4): 271-84. 36- Claes L VS, Smits D, Bijttebier P. Emotional reactivity and self-regulation in relation to personality disorders. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009; 47(8): 948-53. 37- Soler J VD, Elices M, Feliu-Soler A, Soto A, Martin-Blanco A, Marco-Pallarés J, Torrubia R, Pascual JC. . Testing the reinforcement sensitivity theory in borderline personality disorder compared with major depression and healthy controls. Personality and Individual Differences. 2014; 61(62): 43-6. 38- Thake J, Zelenski JM. Neuroticism, BIS, and reactivity to discrete negative mood inductions.. 2013; . Personality and Individual Differences. 2013; Personality and Individual Differences: 208-13. 39- Pastor MC RS, Segarra P, Montanes S, Poy R, Molto J. Behavioral inhibition and activation dimensions: Relationship to MMPI-2 indices of personality disorder. Personality and Individual Differences. 2007; 42(2): 235-45. 40- Mowlaie M, Abolghasemi A, Aghababaei N. Pathological narcissism, brain behavioral systems and tendency to substance abuse: The mediating role of self-control. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 88: 247–50. 41- ven Bruggen V, Vos J, Westerhof G, Bohlmeijer E, Glas G. Systematic Review of Existential Anxiety Instruments. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 2014; 55(2): 173-201. 42- Corr PJ. Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews. 2004; 28: 317–32. 43- Kormi-Nouri R FM, Trost K. The role of positive and negative affect on well-being amongst Swedish and Iranian university students. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2013; 8(5): 435-43. 44- Pincus AL AE, Pimental CA, Cain NM, Wright AGC, Levy KN. Initial construction and validation of the pathological narcissism inventor Psychological Assessment. 2009; 21: 365-79. 45- Soleimani M PN, Mowlaie M, Abolfazl Mohammadi A, Dashtipoor M, Safa Y, Pincus AL. Psychometric properties of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Contemporary Psychology. 2015; 10(1): 95-100. 46- Carver CS, White TL. Behavioral inhibition, Behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994; 67(2): 319-33. 47- Mohammadi N. The Psychometric Properties of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) Scales Among Students of Shiraz University. Clinical Psychology and Personality. 2008; 1 (28): 61-68. 48- Ames DR, Rose P, Anderson CP. The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. J Res Pers. 2006; 40: 440-50. 49- Mohammadzadeh A. Iranian validation of the narcissistic personality inventory-16. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2010; 4(44): 274-81. 50- Leichsenring F. Development and first results of the borderline personality inventory: A self-report instrument for assessing borderline personality organization. J Pers Assess. 1999; 73(1): 45-63. 51- Mohammadzadeh A. The Explanation of Schizotypal and Borderline Traits According to Attachment Dimensions and Basic Personality Traits. Iranian Journal Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology. 2013; 18 (4): 322-30. 52- Millon T, Davis R. Personality disorders in modern life. New York: Wiley. 2009. 53- Ganji M. Psychopathology based on DEM-5. Volume II, Third Edition. Tehran: Savalan Publications. 2016. 54- Niessen MAJ. Emotionaliteit en cognitieve gevoelscontrole als invloedrijke factoren in persoonlijkheid: Het alexithymie construct nader onderzocht [Emotionality and cognitive feeling control as influential factors in personality: Further investigation on the alexithymia construct]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam. 2001. 55- Moormann PP BB, Albach F. . The Reality Escape Model: The intricate relation between alexithymia, dissociation, and anesthesia in victims of child sexual abuse. In I. Nyklíhek, A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets, & L. Temoshok (Eds.), Emotional expression and health (pp. 82–89). Hove, UK: Brunner Routledge. 2004. 56- Rose P. The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences. 2002; (33): 379–91. 57- Ksinan AJ, Vazsonyi AY. Narcissism, Internet, and social relations: A study of two tales. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 94: 118-23. 58- Mohammad pour AR. Victor Emil Frankel, founder of the semanticism (existential psychology and psychotherapy). Tehran, Danjeh Publication (p.p 33). 2011.
| ||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,647 PDF Download: 1,461 |
||