دانشگاه سمنان

 آمار

تعداد نشریات21
تعداد شماره‌ها680
تعداد مقالات9,914
تعداد مشاهده مقاله70,112,689
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله49,470,837
تاجیک, افسانه, حسینی المدنی, سید علی, خدابخشی کولایی, آناهیتا. (1400). مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر درمان فراشناختی و ذهن آگاهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت ورزی بر اضطراب پرستاران در همه‌گیری بیماری کووید-19. هنرهای کاربردی, 13(4), 87-101. doi: 10.22075/jcp.2021.24464.2252
افسانه تاجیک; سید علی حسینی المدنی; آناهیتا خدابخشی کولایی. "مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر درمان فراشناختی و ذهن آگاهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت ورزی بر اضطراب پرستاران در همه‌گیری بیماری کووید-19". هنرهای کاربردی, 13, 4, 1400, 87-101. doi: 10.22075/jcp.2021.24464.2252
تاجیک, افسانه, حسینی المدنی, سید علی, خدابخشی کولایی, آناهیتا. (1400). 'مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر درمان فراشناختی و ذهن آگاهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت ورزی بر اضطراب پرستاران در همه‌گیری بیماری کووید-19', هنرهای کاربردی, 13(4), pp. 87-101. doi: 10.22075/jcp.2021.24464.2252
تاجیک, افسانه, حسینی المدنی, سید علی, خدابخشی کولایی, آناهیتا. مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر درمان فراشناختی و ذهن آگاهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت ورزی بر اضطراب پرستاران در همه‌گیری بیماری کووید-19. هنرهای کاربردی, 1400; 13(4): 87-101. doi: 10.22075/jcp.2021.24464.2252

مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر درمان فراشناختی و ذهن آگاهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت ورزی بر اضطراب پرستاران در همه‌گیری بیماری کووید-19

روان‌شناسی بالینی: نوآوری‌ها در پژوهش و عمل
مقاله 8، دوره 13، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 52، اسفند 1400، صفحه 87-101    اصل مقاله (909.11 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22075/jcp.2021.24464.2252
نویسندگان
افسانه تاجیک1؛ سید علی حسینی المدنی* 2؛ آناهیتا خدابخشی کولایی3
1دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه مشاوره ، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال، تهران، ایران
3دانشیار، گروه روانشناسی و علوم‌تربیتی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خاتم،استاد مدعو دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال ،تهران، ایران
تاریخ دریافت: 17 شهریور 1400،  تاریخ بازنگری: 16 آذر 1400،  تاریخ پذیرش: 21 آذر 1400 
چکیده
مقدمه: کرونا ویروس 2019 کوید-19 بیشتر از طریق قطرات تنفسی منتقل می­شود. افراد شاغل مستعد ابتلا به این بیماری هستند. پرستاران در بیماری کوید-19 برخط مقدم مراقبت­ های بهداشتی هستند. هدف پژوهش حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر درمان فراشناختی و ذهن ­آگاهی مبتنی بر خودشفقت­ ورزی بر اضطراب پرستاران در کووید -19 بود.
روش: نیمه­ آزمایشی با جایگزینی تصادفی از نوع طرح پیش‌آزمون پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل غیرمعادل شامل پیگیری سه ­ماهه بود. جامعه آماری کلیه پرستاران بیمارستان تامین اجتماعی شهریار در سال 1400-1399 بود. 60 نفر از پرستاران به­ روش نمونه­ گیری در دسترس انتخاب و سپس به ­صورت قرعه­ کشی در سه گروه آزمودنی جایگرین شدند. که شامل 20 نفر برای آموزشی مبتنی بر فراشناخت، 20 نفر برای آموزش مبتنی بر ذهن ­آگاهی خودشفقت­ ورزی و 20 نفر برای گروه گواه است. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه اضطراب سلامت (سالکوسکیس و همکاران، 2002) بود. تحلیل داده­ ها بااستفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس اندازه ­گیری مکرر آمیخته بود.
یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد آموزش مبتنی بر درمان فراشناختی و ذهن آگاهی مبتنی بر خودشفقت­ ورزی بر اضطراب پرستاران در همه­ گیری کووید-19 تأثیر دارد و تأثیر هر دو روش نسبت به مرحله پیش­ آزمون پایدار است. تفاوت معناداری بین دو گروه مداخله در اثربخشی مشاهده نشد.
نتیجه­ گیری: یافته­ های این بررسی، پتانسیل درمان فراشناخت و ذهن آگاهی مبتنی بر شفقت را به عنوان ابزاری برای افزایش ذهن ­آگاهی، خودشفقت و کیفیت زندگی متخصصان به تصویر می­کشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
اضطراب پرستاران؛ درمان فراشناختی؛ ذهن‌اگاهی مبتنی بر خودشفقت-ورزی؛ کووید-19
عنوان مقاله [English]
Comparison of Effectiveness between Metacognitive Therapy-based Education and Self-compassion-based Mindfulness on Anxiety of Nurses during Covid-19 Epidemy
نویسندگان [English]
Afsaneh Tajik1؛ Seyed Ali Hosseini Almadani2؛ Anahita khodabakhshi-koolaee3
1PhD Student, Counseling Department, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
3Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Khatam University, Visiting Professor, Islamic Azad University, Tehran-North Branch, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) is mostly transmitted through respiratory droplets. One of the ways to deal with this disease is through occupational exposure, and thus a large number of people are susceptible to this disease due to their jobs. Nurses are at the forefront of health care during the COVID-19 epidemic. There is no information about the level of resilience and factors affecting nurses' health anxiety in the critical situation of this occupational group. The aim of this study was to determine the difference between the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy (MCT) education and self-compassion-based mindfulness on nurses' anxiety in the Covid-19 epidemic.
Method: The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental design of pretest-posttest design with non-equivalent control group with quarterly follow-up. The statistical population of the present study was all nurses of Shahriar Social Security Hospital in 1300-1400. 60 nurses were selected and randomly substituted in three groups. Which includes: 20 people for metacognition-based training program, 20 people for compassion-based mindfulness training program and 20 people for control group. The data collection tool was the Health Anxiety Questionnaire (Salkowski et al., 2002). Data analysis was combined using repeated measures analysis test.
Results: Overall, the results showed that metacognitive therapy (MCT) training and self-compassion-based mindfulness have an effect on nurses' anxiety in the Covid-19 epidemic and the effect of both methods has been stable compared to the pre-test stage.. And no significant difference was observed between the two intervention groups in effectiveness.
Conclusion: By comparing the two types of metacognitive therapy and cognitive therapy based on the presence of mind and compassion and group therapy of people suffering from anxiety due to coronavirus, there was innovation and a kind of initiative. Therefore, comparing these two therapies in different mental disorders Which will be useful for a range of disorders.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) Education, Self-Compassion-Based Mindfulness, Nurses' Anxiety, Covid-19 Epidemic
مراجع
  1. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. [PubMed: 32015507]. [PubMed Central: PMC7095418].
  2. Du Toit A. Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020;18(3):123. doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-0332-0. [PubMed: 31988490]. [PubMed Central: PMC7073251].
  3. COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak. 2020, [cited 2020 Mar 5]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/.
  4. Jiang S, Shi Z, Shu Y, Song J, Gao GF, Tan W, et al. A distinct name is needed for the new coronavirus. Lancet. 2020;395(10228):949. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30419-0. [PubMed: 32087125].
  5. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020;14(1):69-71. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01020. [PubMed: 31996494].
  6. Omrani AS, Shalhoub S. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): what lessons can we learn? J Hosp Infect. 2015;91(3):188-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.002. [PubMed: 26452615].
  7. Nemati M, Ebrahimi B, Nemati F. Assessment of Iranian Nurses’ Knowledge and Anxiety Toward COVID-19 During the Current Outbreak in Iran, Arch Clin Infect Dis. Online ahead of Print; 15(COVID-19):e102848.2020. doi: 10.5812/archcid.102848.
  8. Lv, Y., Yao, H., Xi, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., … Luo, G. Q. Social support protects chinese medical staff from suffering psychological symptoms in COVID-19 Defense. 2020. SSRN, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3559617.
  9. Maben, J., & Bridges, J. Covid-19: Supporting nurses' psychological and mental health. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2020. 29(15-16):2742-2750. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15307.
  10. Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., … Huang, H. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002-1009. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014.
  11. Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020. 88, 901-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026.
  12. Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, Rocklöv J. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J Travel Med. 2020 Mar 13;27(2):taaa021. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa021. PMID: 32052846; PMCID: PMC7074654.
  13. Alwani, S. S., Majeed, M. M., Hirwani, M. Z., Rauf, S., Saad, S. M., Shah, S. H., & Hamirani, F. M.. Evaluation of knowledge, practices, attitude and anxiety of Pakistans nurses towards COVID-19 during the current outbreak in Pakistan. medRxiv, 1-26.2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.05.20123703.
  14. Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020 Sep;291:113190. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190. Epub 2020 Jun 7. PMID: 32563745; PMCID: PMC7276119.
  15. Shanafelt T, Ripp J, Trockel M. Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA. 2020;323(21):2133–2134. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5893.
  16. Lee S.A., Jobe M.C., Mathis A.A. Mental health characteristics associated with dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety. Psychological Medicine. 2020 doi: 10.1017/S003329172000121X.
  17. Lee S.A., Mathis A.A., Jobe M.C., Pappalardo E.A. Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research. 2020;290:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113112.
  18. Fisher PL, Wells A. Metacognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case series. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;39(2):117-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.12.001. Epub 2007 Mar 7. PMID: 17418090.
  19. Wells, A. Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. 2009. New York: The Guilford Press.
  20. Williams JM, Duggan DS, Crane C, Fennell MJ. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of recurrence of suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(2):201-10. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20223.
  21. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Clin Psychology Sci Pract 10, 144–156.2003. 10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.
  22. Rosa V., Tomai M., Lauriola M., Martino G., Di Trani M. Body mass index, personality traits, and body image in Italian pre-adolescents: an opportunity for overweight prevention.2019. Psihologija 52:9 10.2298/PSI181121009R.
  23. Di Giuseppe M., Gemignani A., Conversano C.. Psychological resources against the traumatic experience of COVID-19. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 17, 85–87.2020. 10.36131/CN20200210.
  24. Martino G., Caputo A., Bellone F., Quattropani M. C., Vicario C. Going beyond the visible in type 2 diabetes mellitus: defense mechanisms and their associations with depression and health-related quality of life. Front. Psychol. 11:267.2020. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00267.
  25. Conversano C., Di Giuseppe M., Miccoli M., Ciacchini R., Gemignani A., Orrù G. Mindfulness, age and gender as protective factors against psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Psychol. 2020. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01900.
  26. Lenzo V., Sardella A., Martino G., Quattropani M. C. A systematic review of metacognitive beliefs in chronic medical conditions. Front. Psychol. 2020. 10:2875. 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02875.
  27. Poli A., Gemignani A., Conversano C. The psychological impact of SARS-CoV-2 quarantine: observations through the lens of the polyvagal theory. Clin. Neuropsychiatry.2020. 17, 112–114.2020. 10.36131/CN20200216.
  28. Marazziti D., Pozza A., Di Giuseppe M., Conversano C. The psychosocial impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: A lesson for mental health prevention in the first severely hit European country. Psychol. Trauma.2020. 12, 531–533. 10.1037/tra0000687.
  29. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. [Mental health survey of medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2020 Mar 20;38(3):192-195. Chinese. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063. PMID: 32131151.
  30. Lai,Jianbo, Simeng Ma, Ying Wang, Zhongxiang Cai, Jianbo Hu, Ning Wei, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019.JAMA Netw. Open, 3 (3) (2020).e203976-e203976.
  31. Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HM, Clark DM. The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol Med. 2002 Jul;32(5):843-53. doi: 10.1017/s0033291702005822. PMID: 12171378.
  32. Nargesi, Farideh, Izadi, Fatemeh, Kariminejad, Kolsoom, Rezaei Sharif, Ali. Evaluation of the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Health Anxiety Questionnaire in students of the University of Medical Sciences. Educational Measurement Quarterly, 2017; 7 (27): 147-160. doi: 10.22054 / jem.2017.19621.1495.
  33. Moritz S, Andreou C, Schneider BC, et al. Sowing the seeds of doubt: A narrative review on metacognitive training in schizophrenia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(4):358–366.
  34. Mak W. W., Tong A. C., Yip S. Y., Lui W. W., Chio F. H., Chan A. T., et al. Efficacy and moderation of mobile app-based programs for mindfulness-based training, self-compassion training, and cognitive behavioral psychoeducation on mental health: randomized controlled noninferiority trial. JMIR Mental Health 5:e60.2018.
  35. Firth J., Torous J., Nicholas J., Carney R., Pratap A., Rosenbaum S., et al. The efficacy of smartphone-based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry 16, 287–298.2017. 10.1002/wps.20472.
  36. Van Dam N. T., Hobkirk A. L., Sheppard S. C., Aviles-Andrews R., Earleywine M. How does mindfulness reduce anxiety, depression, and stress? An exploratory examination of change processes in wait-list controlled mindfulness meditation training. Mindfulness 5, 574–588.2014. 10.1007/s12671-013-0229-3.
  37. Diedrich A., Burger J., Kirchner M., Berking M. Adaptive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between self-compassion and depression in individuals with unipolar depression. Psychol. Psychother. 90, 247–263.2017. 10.1111/papt.1210.
  38. Wasil A. R., Venturo-Conerly K. E., Shingleton R. M., Weisz J. R. A review of popular smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: assessing the inclusion of evidence-based content. Behav. Res. Ther. 123:103498. 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103498.
  39. Canet-Juric L., Andrés M. L., Del Valle M., López-Morales H., Poó F., Galli J. I., et al.. (2020). A longitudinal study on the emotional impact cause by the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine on general population. Front. Psychol. 11:565688. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565688.
  40. Aldao A., Nolen-Hoeksema S., Schweizer S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217–237. 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004.
  41. Prout T. A., Zilcha-Mano S., Aafjes-van Doorn K., Békés V., Christman-Cohen I., Whistler K., et al. Identifying predictors of psychological distress during COVID-19: a machine learning approach. Front. Psychol. 11:586202. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586202.
  42. Okruszek Ł., Aniszewska-Stańczuk A., Piejka A., Wiśniewska M., Zurek K. Safe but lonely? Loneliness, anxiety, and depression symptoms and COVID-19. Front. Psychol. 11:579181. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579181.
  43. Killgore W., Taylor E. C., Cloonan S. A., Dailey N. S. Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 291:113216. 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216.
  44. Wong C. C. Y., Yeung N. C. Y. (2017). Self-compassion and posttraumatic growth: cognitive processes as mediators. Mindfulness 8, 1078–1087. 10.1007/s12671-017-0683-4.
  45. Chishima Y., Mizuno M., Sugawara D., Miyagawa Y. The influence of self-compassion on cognitive appraisals and coping with stressful events. Mindfulness 9, 1907–1915. (2018). 10.1007/s12671-018-0933-0.
  46. Glück J. How MORE life experience fosters wise coping, in Post-traumatic Growth to Psychological Well-being: Coping Wisely with Adversity, eds Munroe M., Ferrari M. Cham: Springer.2021.
  47. Garland E. L., Farb N. A., Goldin P., Fredrickson B. L. Mindfulness broadens awareness and builds eudaimonic meaning: a process model of mindful positive emotion regulation. Psychol. Inq.2015. 26, 293–314. 10.1080/1047840X.2015.1064294.
  48. Neff, K. D., Germer, C. K. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 28-44. (2013). doi: 10.1002/jclp.21923.
  49. d’Ettorre G., Ceccarelli G., Santinelli L., Vassalini P., Innocenti G.P., Alessandri F., Koukopoulos A.E., Russo A., d’Ettorre G., Tarsitani L. Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Healthcare Workers Dealing with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:601. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020601.
  50. Trumello C., Bramanti S.M., Ballarotto G., Candelori C., Cerniglia L., Cimino S., Crudele M., Lombardi L., Pignataro S., Viceconti M.L., et al. Psychological Adjustment of Healthcare Workers in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences in Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Burnout, Secondary Trauma, and Compassion Satisfaction between Frontline and Non-Frontline Professionals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:8358. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228358.
  51. alkovskis P.M., Rimes K.A., Warwick H.M.C., Clark D.M. The health anxiety inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol. Med. 2002;32:843–853. doi: 10.1017/S0033291702005822.
  52. Chiang Y.Z., Bundy C., Griffiths C.E., Paus R., Harries M.J. The role of beliefs: Lessons from a pilot study on illness perception, psychological distress and quality of life in patients with primary cicatricial alopecia. Br. J. Dermatol. 2015;172:130–137. doi: 10.1111/bjd.13259.
  53. Janz N.K., Becker M.H. The Health Belief Model: A decade later. Health Educ. Q. 1984;11:1–47. doi: 10.1177/109019818401100101.
  54. Rosenstock I.M., Strecher V.J., Becker M.H. Social learning theory and the Health Belief Model. Health Educ. Q. 1988;15:175–183. doi: 10.1177/109019818801500203.
  55. Lazarus R.S., Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 1984.
  56. Axelsson E., Andersson E., Ljótsson B., Björkander D., Hedman-Lagerlöf M., Hedman-Lagerlöf E. Effect of Internet vs Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Health Anxiety: A Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:915–924. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0940.
  57. Gaab J. The placebo and its effects: A psychoneuroendocrinological perspective. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;105:3–8. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.008.
  58. Gaab J., Locher C., Blease C. Placebo and Psychotherapy: Differences, Similarities, and Implications. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2018;138:241–255. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.01.013.
  59. Shayganfard M., Mahdavi F., Haghighi M., Sadeghi Bahmani D., Brand S. Health Anxiety Predicts Postponing or Cancelling Routine Medical Health Care Appointments among Women in Perinatal Stage during the Covid-19 Lockdown. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:8272. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17218272.
  60. Evers A.W.M., Colloca L., Blease C., Annoni M., Atlas L.Y., Benedetti F., Bingel U., Büchel C., Carvalho C., Colagiuri B., et al. Implications of Placebo and Nocebo Effects for Clinical Practice: Expert Consensus. Psychother. Psychosom. 2018;87:204–210. doi: 10.1159/000490354.
  61. Ivtzan, I., Young, T., Martman, J., Jeffrey, A., Lomas, T., Hart, R., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J.. Integrating mindfulness into positive psychology: A randomised controlled trial of an online positive mindfulness program. Mindfulness.2016. 7(6), 1396-1407.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,995
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 997


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب