| Most of the books and articles written about the Indian style (the poetry of the Safavid era) have often mentioned allegory as the most important feature of the Indian style. In this relation, Mohammad Siāsi has published a book titled Isfahāni style and Allegory in the Poetry of Sāeb and the poets of the Safavid era. As such, the use of allegory in Indian style poetry is not a new thing, and it has been frequently dealt with until today. The important matter is what the purpose and function of allegory is and why it is the basis of Indian style? This article tries to answer the questions focusing on Asrār al-balāḡa (The secrets of eloquence) of Abd-ul-Qāher Jorjānī, which has the most complete and accurate explanations about allegory, - and additional information about the Indian style and its concurrent society in Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the detailed analysis of allegory in the poetry of prominent poets of Indian style. The results of the research show that the most important function of allegory is to make the mental and intangible things tangible so as to convince the audience, especially the general audience, and persuade them to accept the claim or concept in question. Therefore, the most important reason for using allegory is persuading the audience, and secondly, the significance of the meaning of stranger in Indian style, which has made the poets pay attention to the smallest matters of life to make an allegory. In addition to these factors, the poetic realism under the influence of the Voqou (a Persian poetic style which favors simplicity in style and language) and its departure from the court and the surrealist world of mysticism and the Sufi lodges has caused the spread of this literary style. Because this way of expression, while beautiful and wondrous, makes the poem realistic and the poet’s claim acceptable. To these reasons, it is necessary to add the poem beauty and freshness, and the audience fascination. |
- Dādbeh, A. (2008). Allegory. In K. Mousavi Bojnordi (Ed.), the Great Islamic Encyclopedia (Vol. 16, 1st ed.). Tehran: The Center of the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
- Dehkhoda, A. Q. (1998). Lōḡat-nāma (Dictionary) (2nd ed., Vol. 5). Tehran: Tehran University Press.
- Esmaeili, E. (2014). A comparative study of line motifs in Diwan Naziri and Saeb's Ghazals. Journal of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 9, 7-28.
- Faramarz e-Qara Maleki, A. (2008). Allegory. In K. Mousavi Bojnordi (Ed.), the Great Islamic Encyclopedia (Vol. 16, 1st ed.). Tehran: The Center of the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
- Fotoohi Rudmajani, M. (2004). Allegory (nature, types, and functions). Journal of Persian Language and Literature of Kharazmi University, 47-49, 141-178.
- Fotoohi Rudmajani, M. (2018). Allegory. In I. Saadat (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature (Vol. 3, 1st ed.). Tehran: Farhangestan.
- Fotoohi Rudmajani, M. (1997). Literary society of the Safavid era. Journal of Persian Language and Literature of Kharazmi University, 12, 49-76.
- Ghasemi, M., Rezaei, H., & Ghasemi, N. (2023). The analysis of the motif of the "thorn on the wall" in the collection of lyric poems of Sa'eb. Journal of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 31, 295-320.
- Golčin Maʿāni, A. (1995). Voghou (Factual Poetry) School in Persian Literature (1st ed.). Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
- Ghani Kashmiri. (1983). Dīvān (A. Karami, Ed.). Tehran: Nashriyat e Ma.
- Hakim Azar, M. (2016). Discussing allegory and its function in Saeb Tabrizi's ghazal. Journal of Fonon Adabi (Literary Eloquence), 15, 117-136.
- Hasan Pur Alashti, H. (2005a). Fresh Style: Stylistics of Indian Style Ghazal (1st ed.). Tehran: Sokhan.
- Hasan Pur Alashti, H. (2005b). Unfamiliar meaning in Saeb Tabrizi's poetry. Persian Language and Literature Journal, 196, 69-84.
- Hirsch, E. (2022). How to Read a Poem (M. Veisi, Trans., 2nd ed.). Tehran: Morvarid.
- Jan Rypka et al. (2006). The History of Iranian Literature from the Ancient Period to the Qajar Period (E. Shahabi, Trans., 3rd ed.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.
- Jorjānī, A. (1995). Asrār al-balāḡa (The Secrets of Eloquence) (J. Tajlil, Trans., 1st ed.). Tehran: Tehran University Press.
- Kalim-i Hamadāni, A. T. (1996). Dīvān (M. Qahraman, Ed., 2nd ed.). Mashhad: Astan Qods Razavi.
- Molla Ebrahimi, E. (2008). Allegory in Arabic literature. In K. Mousavi Bojnordi (Ed.), The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (Vol. 16, 1st ed.). Tehran: The Center of the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
- Mortezaei, J. (2011). Allegory; Image or badī genre. Journal of Persian Language and Literature Research, 4, 29-38.
- Niko Bakht, N., Khodayar, I., & Ahmadi, M. (2014). Emergence of coffee house elements in Safavid era poetry. Journal of Popular Culture and Literature, 2(4), 109-134.
- Norani Vesal, A. (1992). Indian style and its denomination. In M.-R. Daryagasht (Ed.), Saeb and Indian Style in the Scope of Literary Research (1st ed.). Tehran: Qatreh.
- Rajaei, M. (2000). Maealim Balāḡat ʿElm al-maʿānī- Bayān- Badī (Signs of Eloquence) (5th ed.). Shiraz: Shiraz University Press.
- Saeb-i Tabrizi. (1996). Dīvān (M. Ghahraman, Ed., 3rd ed.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.
- Salim-i Tehrani, M. G. (1970). Dīvān (R. Reza, Ed., 1st ed.). Tehran: Ibn-i Sina.
- Shafi’ Kadkani, M. R. (1987). Imagination in Persian Poetry (3rd ed.). Tehran: Agaah.
- Shafi’ Kadkani, M. R. (2021). The Poet of Mirrors: A Study of Indian Style and Beadel's Poetry (12th ed.). Tehran: Agah.
- Shawqi Daif, A. (2019). History and Development of Rhetorical Sciences (M. R. Torki, Trans., 6th ed.). Tehran: SAMT.
- Siyasi, M. (2010). Isfahani Style and Allegory in the Poetry of Saeb and the Poets of the Safavid Era (1st ed.). Tehran: Bonyad-e Moghofat-e Afshar (Afshar Endowment Organization).
- Taftāzānī, S. al-D. M. (2004). Al-Mukhtasar (1st ed.). Qom: Ismailian.
- Yasini, H. (2004). Multiple singles (a look at similes, allegory and proverbs in the book of eloquence). Journal of Persian Language and Literature Development, (71), 60-64.
- Yosefi, H. (2015). The history of Qazvin painting from the Safavid era to the late Qajar era (1st ed.). Tehran: Sureh-ie-Mehr.
- Zarrinkoub, A. (1997). Ba caravan Holleh (10th ed.). Tehran: Elmi.
|
