Thermoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Geothermal based Multi Generation System for Electricity Generation, Cooling, Heating and Hydrogen Liquefaction

[1]   Chiari, L. and Zecca, A., 2011. Constraints of fossil fuels depletion on global warming projections. Energy Policy, 39(9), pp. 5026-5034.

[2]   Hwangbo, S., Nam, K., Heo, S. and Yoo, C., 2019. Hydrogen-based self-sustaining integrated renewable electricity network (HySIREN) using a supply-demand forecasting model and deep-learning algorithms. Energy Conversion and Management, 185, pp. 353-367.

[3]   García-Olivares, A., Solé, J. and Osychenko, O., 2018. Transportation in a 100% renewable energy system. Energy Conversion and Management, 158, pp. 266-285.

[4]   Axelsson, G., 2022. Introduction to Volume on Geothermal Energy.

[5]   Sigfusson, T.I., 2012. Geothermal Energy–Introduction.

[6]   Kordlar, M.A., Heberle, F. and Brüggemann, D., 2023. Thermo-economic evaluation of a tri-generation system driven by geothermal brine to cover flexible heating and cooling demand. Geothermics, 110, p. 102678.

[7]   Zhang, S., Ocłoń, P., Klemeš, J.J., Michorczyk, P., Pielichowska, K. and Pielichowski, K., 2022. Renewable energy systems for building heating, cooling and electricity production with thermal energy storage. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 165, p. 112560.

[8]   Zhang, L., Qiu, Y., Chen, Y. and Hoang, A.T., 2023. Multi-objective particle swarm optimization applied to a solar-geothermal system for electricity and hydrogen production; Utilization of zeotropic mixtures for performance improvement. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 175, pp. 814-833.

[9]   Ebrahimi-Moghadam, A., Moghadam, A.J., Farzaneh-Gord, M. and Arabkoohsar, A., 2021. Performance investigation of a novel hybrid system for simultaneous production of cooling, heating, and electricity. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 43, p. 100931.

[10] Kianfard, H., Khalilarya, S. and Jafarmadar, S., 2018. Exergy and exergoeconomic evaluation of hydrogen and distilled water production via combination of PEM electrolyzer, RO desalination unit and geothermal driven dual fluid ORC. Energy conversion and management, 177, pp. 339-349.

[11] Akrami, E., Chitsaz, A., Nami, H. and Mahmoudi, S.M.S., 2017. Energetic and exergoeconomic assessment of a multi-generation energy system based on indirect use of geothermal energy. Energy, 124, pp. 625-639.

[12] Yuksel, Y.E. and Ozturk, M., 2017. Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analyses of a geothermal energy based integrated system for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(4), pp. 2530-2546.

[13] Ghaebi, H., Namin, A.S. and Rostamzadeh, H., 2018. Performance assessment and optimization of a novel multi-generation system from thermodynamic and thermoeconomic viewpoints. Energy Conversion and Management, 165, pp. 419-439.

[14] Yilmaz, F., Ozturk, M. and Selbas, R., 2022. Modeling and design of the new combined double-flash and binary geothermal power plant for multigeneration purposes; thermodynamic analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(45), pp.  19381-19396.

[15] Hai, T., Radman, S., Abed, A.M., Shawabkeh, A., Abbas, S.Z., Deifalla, A. and Ghaebi, H., 2023. Exergo-economic and exergo-environmental evaluations and multi-objective optimization of a novel multi-generation plant powered by geothermal energy. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 172, pp. 57-68.

[16] Sangesaraki, A.G., Gharehghani, A. and Mehrenjani, J.R., 2023. 4E analysis and machine learning optimization of a geothermal-based system integrated with ejector refrigeration cycle for efficient hydrogen production and liquefaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(82), pp. 31875-31904.

[17] Coskun, A., Bolatturk, A. and Kanoglu, M., 2014. Thermodynamic and economic analysis and optimization of power cycles for a medium temperature geothermal resource. Energy Conversion and Management, 78, pp. 39-49.

[18] Abdolalipouradl, M., Mohammadkhani, F., Khalilarya, S. and Yari, M., 2020. Thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analysis of two novel tri-generation cycles for power, hydrogen and freshwater production from geothermal energy. Energy Conversion and Management, 226, p. 113544.

[19] Rostamzadeh, H., Ghaebi, H., Vosoughi, S. and Jannatkhah, J., 2018. Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of a novel dual-loop power/refrigeration cycle. Applied Thermal Engineering, 138, pp. 1-17.

[20] Pan, D. and Farkoush, S.G., 2023. Comprehensive analysis and multi-objective optimization of power and cooling production system based on a flash-binary geothermal system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 229, p. 120398.

[21] Zhang, M., Timoshin, A., Al-Ammar, E.A., Sillanpaa, M. and Zhang, G., 2023. Power, cooling, freshwater, and hydrogen production system from a new integrated system working with the zeotropic mixture, using a flash-binary geothermal system. Energy, 263, p. 125959.

[22] Yilmaz, F. and Ozturk, M., 2023. Modeling and parametric analysis of a new combined geothermal plant with hydrogen generation and compression for multigeneration. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(99), pp. 39197-39215.

[23] Heidarnejad, P., Genceli, H., Asker, M. and Khanmohammadi, S., 2020. A comprehensive approach for optimizing a biomass assisted geothermal power plant with freshwater production: Techno-economic and environmental evaluation. Energy Conversion and Management, 226, p. 113514.

[24] Kahraman, M., Olcay, A.B. and Sorgüven, E., 2019. Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis of a 21 MW binary type air-cooled geothermal power plant and determination of the effect of ambient temperature variation on the plant performance. Energy Conversion and Management, 192, pp.308-320.

[25] Yilmaz, F., Ozturk, M. and Sebas, R., 2024. Design and analysis of a novel multi-generation plant utilising geothermal energy. International Journal of Exergy, 45(3-4), pp. 296-310.

[26] Yilmaz, F., Ozturk, M. and Selbas, R., 2024. Thermodynamic and exergoenvironmental assessment of an innovative geothermal energy assisted multigeneration plant combined with recompression supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycle for the production of cleaner products. International journal of hydrogen energy, 75, pp. 24-37.

[27] Dan, M., He, A., Ren, Q., Li, W., Huang, K., Wang, X., Feng, B. and Sardari, F., 2024. Multi-aspect evaluation of a novel double-flash geothermally-powered integrated multigeneration system for generating power, cooling, and liquefied Hydrogen. Energy, 289, p. 129900.

[28] Rostamzadeh, H., Namin, A.S., Ghaebi, H. and Amidpour, M., 2018. Performance assessment and optimization of a humidification dehumidification (HDH) system driven by absorption-compression heat pump cycle. Desalination, 447, pp. 84-101.

[29] Nemati, A., Mohseni, R. and Yari, M., 2018. A comprehensive comparison between CO₂ and Ethane as a refrigerant in a two-stage ejector-expansion transcritical refrigeration cycle integrated with an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 133, pp. 494-502.

[30] Ghaebi, H., Parikhani, T., Rostamzadeh, H. and Farhang, B., 2017. Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of a novel combined cooling and power (CCP) cycle by integrating of ejector refrigeration and Kalina cycles. Energy, 139, pp.262-276.

[31] Eyvazi, A., Ameri, M., Dehaj, M. S., & Ghaebi, H. 2025. Thermoeconomic Analysis of the Kapitza Cycle with Ejector-Cascade Precooling for Liquid Hydrogen Production in a Geothermal Based Multigeneration System. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability, pp. 1-19.

[32] Sharaf, M., Yousef, M.S. and Huzayyin, A.S., 2022. Year-round energy and exergy performance investigation of a photovoltaic panel coupled with metal foam/phase change material composite. Renewable Energy, 189, pp. 777-789.

[33] Eyvazi, A., Ameri, M., Shafiey Dehaj, M., & Ghaebi, H. 2025. Energy, Exergy, and Economic Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Geothermal Energy-Based Multigeneration System for Liquid Hydrogen, Hot Water, Cooling, and Power Production. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability, pp. 1-20.

[34] Nemati, A., Sadeghi, M. and Yari, M., 2017. Exergoeconomic analysis and multi-objective optimization of a marine engine waste heat driven RO desalination system integrated with an organic Rankine cycle using zeotropic working fluid. Desalination, 422, pp. 113-123.

[35] Eyvazi, A., Ameri, M., Shafiey Dehaj, M., & Ghaebi, H. 2025. Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a novel geothermal based multigeneration system integrated with cascade Claude cycle for power, heat, cooling, and liquid hydrogen production. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 17(12), 16878132251365041.

[36] Sayyaadi, H., 2009. Multi-objective approach in thermoenvironomic optimization of a benchmark cogeneration system. Applied Energy, 86(6), pp. 867-879.

[37] Eivazi, A., & Shafiey Dehaj, M. 2025. Thermo-economic evaluation of the combined power, heat and cooling production system integrating gas turbine and absorption cooling. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer Research, 12(1), pp. 29-44.

[38] Eyvazi, A. 2025. Energy, Exergy, and Economic Analysis and Optimization of Novel multi-generation system with combination of heat recovery exchanger and absorption transformer. Renewable Energy Research and Applications, 6(2), pp. 293-313.

[39] Eyvazi, A., Ameri, M., Dehaj, M. S., & Ghaebi, H. 2025. Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of Claude hydrogen liquefaction cycle integrated With Helium‐based Joule‐Brayton precooling cycle in novel geothermal multigeneration system. Heat Transfer.

[40] Arora, A. and Kaushik, S.C., 2009. Theoretical analysis of LiBr/H2O absorption refrigeration systems. International Journal of Energy Research, 33(15), pp. 1321-1340.