Commission of Murder by LGBT or Intersex Individuals | ||
| مطالعات فقه و حقوق اسلامی | ||
| Volume 17, Issue 38, March 2025, Pages 139-172 PDF (1.6 M) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.22075/feqh.2025.34808.3983 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Zahra Tajarri Moazzeni* 1; Motahhare Sorkhabi Adolmaleki2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 2Graduate with a Master's degree in Criminal Law and Criminology, Department of Law, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, Iran. | ||
| Receive Date: 29 July 2024, Revise Date: 17 November 2024, Accept Date: 15 January 2025 | ||
| Abstract | ||
| LGBT is an acronym referring to individuals who are non-heterosexual and non-cisgender. Sexual orientation and sexual behavior beyond heterosexuality include homosexuality, bisexuality, pansexuality, and asexuality. However, the LGBT community is not limited to non-heterosexual orientations; it also encompasses transgender, queer, and intersex individuals. Sexual and gender minorities—including intersex or non-binary (khuntha) individuals—have always been part of our societies. One of the most significant legal challenges concerns the criminal liability and punishment of LGBT or intersex individuals. A key issue arises when such individuals commit serious crimes such as murder: how should they be punished? The central question addressed in this study is how Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and legal systems approach the application of qisas (retributive justice) to intersex individuals, and how the dominant gender is determined for the purpose of sentencing. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical method to examine murder committed by LGBT or intersex individuals. Since gender plays a decisive role in the application of qisas, the rules of Islamic criminal law are shaped accordingly. There is limited debate among jurists and legal scholars regarding qisas for "problematic intersex" individuals (khuntha mushkil), but the main issue in jurisprudence pertains to "non-problematic intersex" individuals (khuntha ghayr mushkil). Therefore, it is necessary to base legal judgment on the dominant gender. Accordingly, if an intersex individual clearly exhibits dominant male or female characteristics, the ruling on qisas should be based on that dominant gender. In practice, it is essential to determine the prevailing gender identity of the intersex individual in question and to issue the qisas verdict accordingly. Given the current legal vacuum surrounding such issues, there is an urgent need for the legislature to develop clear and effective legal provisions addressing them. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Murder; LGBT individuals; Intersex persons; Khuntha; Qisas for intersex individuals | ||
| References | ||
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