The impact of alternative resources and fear on the dynamics of the food chain

	The impact of alternative resources and fear on the dynamics of the food chain
International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications
دوره 12، شماره 2، بهمن 2021، صفحه 2207-2234 اصل مقاله (1.13 M)
نوع مقاله: Research Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22075/ijnaa.2021.5370
نویسندگان
Aseel. A. Abd^* ؛ Raid Kamel Naji
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
چکیده
In this paper, a three-species food chain model is proposed and studied. It is assumed that there are fear costs in the first two-level due to predation risk and there exists an alternative source of food for a top predator. Holling’s disc function is adopted to describe the food transition throughout the chain. All the solution properties are discussed. The conditions of local stability and persistence of the model are established. The Lyapunov function is used to specify the basin of attraction for each equilibrium. Local bifurcation analyses are studied. The global dynamics of the model are investigated numerically. Different bifurcation diagrams and attractors are obtained. It is obtained that the system is rich in dynamics that include chaos.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Food chain؛ Alternative resource؛ Fear؛ Stability؛ Bifurcation؛ chaos
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