پیوندهای مفید
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 21 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 654 |
| تعداد مقالات | 9,577 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 68,501,807 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 47,953,661 |
Protection and optimization of equipment from So2 and So3 | ||
| International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications | ||
| مقاله 28، دوره 15، شماره 2، اردیبهشت 2024، صفحه 333-358 اصل مقاله (7.9 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22075/ijnaa.2023.30070.4324 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Ahmed Kamil Ghadeer* 1؛ Ekbal M. Seed2؛ Hayder A.H. ALguboori2 | ||
| 1Department of Construction and Projects, University Presidency, Thi-Qar of University, Iraq | ||
| 2Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Materials Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 12 دی 1401، تاریخ بازنگری: 20 بهمن 1401، تاریخ پذیرش: 26 اسفند 1401 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Corrosion that occurs in concentrated sulfuric acid production plants causes damage to equipment, pipes, tanks, and pumps, which affects the cost of maintenance time, which causes production stoppage and danger to workers due to the high acid concentration. The researchers used several types of alloys that help sustain production with different protection methods. Some of them are expensive, and some are highly corrosive, such as iron alloys, nickel alloys, polymers, and others in factory equipment. The current work is devoted to obtaining an alloy with mechanical and corrosive properties comparable to what is used in the concentrated sulfuric acid production plant in Iraq and the world to be used in the most important components of pipes and tanks to preserve the concentrated acid in the factory. Various alloys of a group of elements with an iron base were used and produced by the powders metallurgy method to achieve this purpose. Mechanical, corrosion tests and inspection (hardness, microstructure, dry slip corrosion, wear/abrasion, slight immersion, and Tafel testing were performed, XRD, EDX, SEM) The alloys used in this research are: $$\mathrm{A} 1(1 \% \mathrm{Cr}+1 \% \mathrm{Ni}+1 \% \mathrm{Mo}+0.5 \% \mathrm{Cu}+0.5 \% \mathrm{Si}+0.1 \% \mathrm{~W}+0.1 \% \mathrm{Ti}+1 \% \mathrm{Mn}) $$ $$\mathrm{A} 2(1 \% \mathrm{Cr}+1 \% \mathrm{Ni}+1.5 \% \mathrm{Mo}+1.5 \% \mathrm{Cu}+1 \% \mathrm{Si}+0.2 \% \mathrm{~W}+0.2 \% \mathrm{Ti}+1 \% \mathrm{Mn}) $$ $$ \mathrm{A} 3(2 \% \mathrm{Cr}+2 \% \mathrm{Ni}+2 \% \mathrm{Mo}+2.5 \% \mathrm{Cu}+0.5 \% \mathrm{Si}+0.2 \% \mathrm{~W}+0.2 \% \mathrm{Ti}+2 \% \mathrm{Mn}) $$ $$ \mathrm{A} 4(2 \% \mathrm{Cr}+2 \% \mathrm{Ni}+1 \% \mathrm{Mo}+3.5 \% \mathrm{Cu}+1 \% \mathrm{Si}+0.2 \% \mathrm{~W}+0.3 \% \mathrm{Ti}+2 \% \mathrm{Mn})$$ $$ \mathrm{A} 5(3 \% \mathrm{Cr}+3.5 \% \mathrm{Ni}+1.5 \% \mathrm{Mo}+4 \% \mathrm{Cu}+0.5 \% \mathrm{Si}+0.5 \% \mathrm{~W}+0.5 \% \mathrm{Ti}+3 \% \mathrm{Mn}) $$ $$ \mathrm{A} 6(3 \% \mathrm{Cr}+3 \% \mathrm{Ni}+2 \% \mathrm{Mo}+3 \% \mathrm{Cu}+0.5 \% \mathrm{Si}+1 \% \mathrm{~W}+1 \% \mathrm{Ti}+3 \% \mathrm{Mn}) $$ $$ \mathrm{A} 7(4 \% \mathrm{Cr}+4 \% \mathrm{Ni}+1 \% \mathrm{Mo}+4 \% \mathrm{Cu}+1 \% \mathrm{Si}+2 \% \mathrm{~W}+1.5 \% \mathrm{Ti}+2 \% \mathrm{Mn}) $$ $$ \mathrm{A} 8(5 \% \mathrm{Cr}+5 \% \mathrm{Ni}+1.5 \% \mathrm{Mo}+3 \% \mathrm{Cu}+1 \% \mathrm{Si}+1.5 \% \mathrm{~W}+2 \% \mathrm{Ti}+3 \% \mathrm{Mn}) $$ $$ \mathrm{A} 9(5 \% \mathrm{Cr}+5 \% \mathrm{Ni}+2 \% \mathrm{Mo}+4 \% \mathrm{Cu}+0.5 \% \mathrm{Si}+2 \% \mathrm{~W}+3 \% \mathrm{Ti}+3 \% \mathrm{Mn}) $$ $$ \mathrm{A} 10(5 \% \mathrm{Cr}+5 \% \mathrm{Ni}+1.5 \% \mathrm{Mo}+3 \% \mathrm{Cu}+1 \% \mathrm{Si}+3 \% \mathrm{~W}+2 \% \mathrm{Ti}+2 \% \mathrm{Mn})$$ Compared to the reference samples, an increase in corrosion resistance, hardness, and wear was observed in A9 and A10 alloy. The corrosion rate (corrosion/corrosion) of the alloy improved by a factor of (40 to 99) % compared to the reference samples (carbon steel, stainless steel 304, alloy 310). / 310S / 310H), and A9, A10 compared to (ZERON, 100 alloys Sandvik SX, ZECOR, SARAMET 23 and 35, improving (13%) A9 and (0.8%) A10. In simple immersion, the primary carbon steel alloys suffered from corrosion compared to improving the alloy (A1 to A10); the improvement percentage was more than (99) \%. Alloys (ZERON, ZECOR, Stainless Steel 304l), the improvement percentage in alloys only (A9, A10) from (24 to 55) %. The polarization test (Tafel) in concentrated acid on the alloy (A9 to A10) showed that the corrosion resistance of concentrated sulfuric acid was much better than that of carbon steel with a very high percentage. The improvement was about (99) % compared to carbon steel. Alloy A9 was the best in improving the resistance of carbon steel. Corrosion in all equipment and parts of the concentrated sulfuric acid plant (98%). | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Corrosion؛ Sulfuric Acid؛ Alloys Elements؛ Coating؛ Cathodic and Anodic Protection؛ Or Appropriate Design؛ Powder Metallurgy؛ Mixing؛ Compacting؛ Sintering؛ XRD؛ EDX؛ Tafel؛ Hardness؛ Wear | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
[1] A. Abu-Oqail, M. Ghanim, M. El-Sheikh, and A. El-Nikhaily, Effects of processing parameters of tungsten–copper composites, Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater. 35 (2012), 207–212. [2] S. Acid, H. Acid, H. Acid, and P. Acid, Corrosion problems and alloy solutions 1 corrosion-resistant alloys from the special metals group of companies 4 alloy selection for corrosive environments 11, Unknown, 2000. [3] J.B. Bacalhau and C.R.M Afonso, Effect of Ni addition on bainite microstructure of low-carbon special bar quality steels and its influence on CCT diagrams, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 15 (2021), 1266–1283. [4] O. Bergman, Key aspects of sintering powder metallurgy steel pre-alloyed with chromium and manganese, PhD thesis, Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (Sweden), 2011. [5] W.L. Bevilaqua, J. Epp, H. Meyer, A. Da Silva Rocha, and H. Roelofs, In situ investigation of the bainitic transformation from deformed austenite during continuous cooling in a low carbon Mn-Si-Cr-Mo steel, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51 (2020), no. 7, 3627–3637. [6] H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, S.A. David, J.M. Vitek, and R.W. Reed, Stress induced transformation to bainite in Fe–Cr–Mo–C pressure vessel steel, Materials Sci. Technol. 7 (1991), no. 8, 686–698. [7] Y-.S. Choi, S. Nesic, and S. Ling, Effect of H2S on the CO2 corrosion of carbon steel in acidic solutions, Electroch. Acta 56 (2011), no. 4, 1752–1760. [8] A.P. Coldren and J.L. Mihelich, Acicular ferrite HSLA steels for line pipe, Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 19 (1977), no. 7, 559–572. [9] P. Crook, Corrosion characteristics of the wrought Ni-Cr-Mo alloys, Mater. Corros. 56 (2005), no. 9, 606–610. [10] K. Edalati and Z. Horita, Significance of homologous temperature in softening behavior and grain size of pure metals processed by high-pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528 (2011), no. 25–26, 7514–7523. [11] Y. Guo, Y. Zou, Y. Zheng, Y. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Wu, J. Sun, and J. Chen, In vitro corrosion resistance and antibacterial performance of novel Fe–xCu biomedical alloys prepared by selective laser melting, Adv. Eng. Mater. 23 (2021), no. 4, 2001000. [12] I.T. Hong and C.H. Koo, Antibacterial properties, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Cu-modified sus 304 stainless steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 393 (2005), no. 1-2, 213–222. [13] R. Hossain, F. Pahlevani, and V. Sahajwalla, Effect of small addition of Cr on stability of retained austenite in high carbon steel, Mater. Charact. 125 (2017), 114–122. [14] K. Kardelen, Investigation of pitting corrosion morphology of St 37 material in different corrosive environments, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 2018. [15] S.-J. Lee, J. Han, S. Lee, S.-H. Kang, S.-M. Lee, and Y.-K. Lee, Design for Fe-high Mn alloy with an improved combination of strength and ductility, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017), no. 1, 1–9. [16] B. Liscic, H.M. Tensi, L.C.F. Canale, and G.E. Totten, Quenching theory and technology, CRC Press, 2010. [17] S. Lowell, J.E. Shields, M.A. Thomas, and M. Thommes, Characterization of porous solids and powders: Surface area, pore size and density, vol. 16, Springer Science & Business Media, 2006. [18] P. Rajeev, A.O. Surendranathan, and C.S.N. Murthy, Corrosion mitigation of the oil well steels using organic inhibitors: A review, J. Materials Envir. Sci. 3 (2012), no. 5, 856–869. [19] M.A. Razzak, Heat treatment and effects of Cr and Ni in low alloy steel, Bull. Mater. Sci. 34 (2011), no. 7, 1439–1445. [20] R.F. Santos, A.M. Rocha, A.C. Bastos, J.P. Cardoso, F. Rodrigues, C.M. Fernandes, J. Sacramento, M.G.S. Ferreira, A.M.R. Senos, C. Fonseca, and M.F. Vieira, Microstructural characterization and corrosion resistance of wc-ni-cr-mo composite–the effect of mo, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 86 (2020), 105090. [21] M. Shamsuddin and H.Y. Sohn, Constitutive topics in physical chemistry of high-temperature nonferrous metallurgy: A review—part 2. Reduction and refining, JOM 71 (2019), no. 9, 3266–3276. [22] L.L. Shreir, Corrosion: Metal/Environment Reactions, Newnes, 2013. [23] M. Soleimani, H. Mirzadeh, and C. Dehghanian, Effect of grain size on the corrosion resistance of low carbon steel, Mater. Res. Express 7 (2020), no. 1, 16522. [24] C. Stampfl, M.V. Ganduglia-Pirovano, K. Reuter, and M. Scheffler, Catalysis and corrosion: The theoretical surface-science context, Surface Sci. 500 (2002), no. 1-3, 368–394. [25] S.B. Sternowski, G.E. O’Donnell, and L. Looney, Effect of particle size on the mechanical properties of sic particulate reinforced aluminium alloy AA6061, Key Engineering Materials, vol. 127, Trans Tech Publications, 1997, pp. 455–462. [26] H.-H. Strehblow and P. Marcus, Fundamentals of corrosion, Corrosion Mech. Theory Practice (2012), 1–104. [27] G.E. Totten, C.E. Bates, and N.A. Clinton, Handbook of Quenchants and Quenching Technology, ASM International, 1993. [28] G.S. Upadhyaya, Powder metallurgy technology, Cambridge International Science Publishing, 1997. [29] S. Vock, B. Kloden, A. Kirchner, T. Weisgarber, and B. Kieback, Powders for powder bed fusion: a review, Prog. Add. Manufact. 4 (2019), no. 4, 383–397. [30] B.I. Voronenko, Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels: A state-of-the-art review, Metal Sci. Heat Treat. 39 (1997), no. 10, 428–437. [31] G. Voyiadjis and B. Deliktas, Modeling of strengthening and softening in inelastic nanocrystalline materials with reference to the triple junction and grain boundaries using strain gradient plasticity, Acta Mech. 213 (2010), no. 1, 3–26. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 19,113 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 10,655 |
||