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افزایش تولید شکر با کشت نشایی چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.)؛ راهکاری برای مقابله با خشکی | ||
| اقلیم و بوم سازگان مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 2، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 2، شهریور 1404، صفحه 17-35 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22075/ceasr.2025.33039.1028 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| ژاله زارعی1؛ حسن حیدری* 2؛ ایرج نصرتی2؛ محمود خرمیوفا2 | ||
| 1فارغالتحصیل کارشناسی ارشد اگرواکولوژی، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 29 دی 1402، تاریخ بازنگری: 06 مرداد 1403، تاریخ پذیرش: 31 شهریور 1403 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: چغندرقند یکی از منابع مهم تولید شکر است. نزدیک به 40 درصد شکر تولید شده در جهان از چغندرقند به دست می آید. از هزاران سال پیش، قند چغندر جزء ارزشمندی در رژیم غذایی انسان بوده است. نشاءکاری چغندر یکی از راهکارهای مناسب برای دستیابی به جمعیت گیاهی یکنواخت، تولید محصول بیشتر، کاهش رقابت علفهای هرز، کاهش استفاده از علفکشها و سرمایهگذاری در فصل رشد طولانیتر با بستن تاج پوشش اولیه است. انتخاب تاریخ کاشت مناسب یکی از فاکتورهای مهم در کشت هر محصول براساس شرایط منطقهای است. این آزمایش بهمنظور افزایش عملکرد چغندرقند با روش کشت نشایی انجام شد. مواد و روشها: این آزمایش بهمنظور افزایش عملکرد چغندرقند با روش کشت نشایی در دو سال (94–93) در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه انجام شد. آزمایش در سال اول بهصورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار بود. عاملها شامل سه روش کاشت (بذرکاری، نشای 4 هفتهای و نشای 6 هفتهای) و دو تاریخ کاشت (کشت زودهنگام و کشت زمان معمول) بود. آزمایش در سال دوم بهصورت طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بود. تیمارها شامل نشاءکاری 6 هفتهای زودهنگام (تیمار برتر سال اول) و بذرکاری (شاهد) بود. دادههای حاصل از یاداشتبرداریها و نمونهگیریهای صفات مورد نظر، به کمک نرمافزار SAS نسخه 2/9 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. برای مقایسه میانگینهای مربوط به هریک از تیمارها از روش LSD در سطح احتمال 5 درصد استفاده گردید. یافتهها: نتایج آزمایش در سال اول نشان داد که نشاءکاری 6 هفتهای زود هنگام موجب افزایش وزن خشک برگ و اندامهای هوایی، عملکرد تازه ریشه و سطح برگ نسبت به سایر تیمارها گردید که بهعنوان تیمار برتر شناخته شد و برای تکرار آزمایش در سال دوم انتخاب گردید. نتایج آزمایش در سال دوم نشان داد که نشاءکاری موجب افزایش هدایت روزنهای، کلروفیل b، کلروفیل کل، وزن تازه و وزن خشک اندامهای هوایی، عملکرد تازه و عملکرد خشک ریشه، قطر ریشه، ارتفاع و قطر طوقه و عملکرد شکر نسبت به کشت مستقیم شده است. نتیجهگیری: جهت افزایش عملکرد شکر، نشاءکاری شش هفتهای در تاریخ یک اسفند برای کرمانشاه توصیه میگردد. همچنین از نتایج سال دوم چنین به نظر میرسد که در کشت نشایی با وجود چند شاخهای شدن ریشه اما عملکرد شکر بالا میتواند علت مناسبی برای جایگزینی کشت مستقیم با کشت نشایی گردد. باتوجه با اینکه نشاءکاری باعث کاهش مصرف نهاده ها در کشاورزی میشود و مهمترین نهاده در بخش کشاورزی مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک آب است، لذا نشاءکاری چغندر راهکاری امیدبخش برای مقابله با خشکی است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| تاریخ کاشت؛ ریشه؛ قند؛ کشت مستقیم؛ نشاء | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Improving Sugar Production by Transplanting in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.); A Solution to Deal with Drought | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and Objectives: Sugar beet is one of the important sources of sugar production; nearly 40% of the sugar produced in the world is obtained from sugar beet. Since thousands of years ago, beet sugar has been a valuable component in the human diet. Beet transplanting is one of the suitable solutions to achieve a uniform plant population, produce more crops, reduce weed competition, reduce the use of herbicides and invest in a longer growing season by closing the primary canopy. In terms of the effect of planting date on plant establishment, control of weeds, pests and diseases, harvest time and product quality, it is inevitable to know the most suitable planting date for each region in order to improve the quality and quantity of the product. During the investigation on three sugar beet planting dates (May 9, June 7, and July 13), it was reported that the delay in planting caused a decrease in root yield and white sugar. Also, transplanting increased root size and yield compared to direct cultivation (Karbalaei et al., 2012). In another experiment, it has been reported that the roots were short and multi-branched and the sugar yield was higher than direct cultivation (KazeminKhah, 2005). During a study on four sugar beet planting dates (March 15 and 30 and April 15 and 30), it was reported that with the delay in planting, the number of main and secondary stems in the plant, the height of the plant and the dry weight of the whole plant decreased (Chegini et al., 2013). In sugar beet cultivation, the final product or sugar depends on several factors. In this, sugar content and root yield are of particular importance. Therefore, although direct cultivation is more suitable in terms of sugar content, the high production of roots in transplanting makes it superior to direct cultivation in terms of sugar yield (Nasri et al., 2012b). Considering that the selection of the appropriate planting date is one of the important factors in the cultivation of any crop based on regional conditions, this experiment aimed to compare transplanting and direct seeding in the usual and early planting dates in order to increase the yield of beet sugar under climatic conditions of Kermanshah. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted to enhance sugar beet yield by transplanting at Research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during two years (2015 and 2016). In 2015, the experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors were three planting methods (seeding, 4-week transplanting and 6-week transplanting) and two planting dates (early planting and common planting date). In 2016, the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included 6-week transplanting at early planting (superior treatment in the first year) and seeding (control). Since the purpose of the experiment in the first year was to investigate the possibility of transplanting the plant, the plants were kept until the crown closure stage and then the dry weight of the aerial parts and the fresh weight of their roots were measured. In the second year, when the possibility of transplanting the plant was proved, the plants were harvested at the usual time of sugar beet delivery to the sugar factory in the region. Each experimental plot consisted of five rows of four meters long with a distance of 75 cm between the two rows and the distance between the plants on the planting rows was 20 cm. In the ripening stage, four plants were selected from the middle rows of each plot to measure the plant's morphological traits (plant height, number of leaves, petiole length, leaf length and width). In order to measure other traits (fresh weight of leaves, fresh weight of petioles, wet weight of aerial organs, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of petioles and dry weight of aerial organs) the plants were transferred to the laboratory and weighed using a electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.001 grams. Traits related to yield and yield components included wet root yield, dry root yield, root length, root diameter, root volume, crown length, crown diameter, sugar content, sugar yield, plant harvest index, and sugar harvest index. The data obtained from taking notes and sampling the desired traits were analyzed with the help of SAS software version 2.9. To compare the averages of each of the treatments, the LSD method was used at the 5% probability level. Results: The mean comparison of the simple effect of planting method in the first year showed that the 6-week transplant (91%) had a higher survival rate than the 4-week transplant (50%). The mean comparison of interaction effect of planting method and planting date showed that the highest dry weight of petiole, leaf and aerial organs and leaf area was related to early 6-week transplanting. The mean comparison in the second year showed that transplanting increased stomatal conductance, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, leaf weight, fresh weight of aerial organs, dry weight of leaves and dry weight of aerial organs compared to seeding. Results of the experiment in the first year showed that the best treatment was early 6-week transplanting, which increased the dry matter of aerial organs, root yield, and leaf area compared to other treatments. According to the obtained results, it seems that with the increase in the age of the transplant, the plant has a higher ability to establish and optimally use environmental factors and has been able to make maximum use of environmental resources in earlier planting than the usual time planting. Biomass depends on the amount of absorbed radiation, which also depends on the leaf area. The high diameter of the root indicates the high efficiency of the underground part in the use of storage materials. In addition, another reason for the increase in root dry yield and the subsequent increase in sugar yield could be high stomatal conductance and chlorophyll in the transplanting method. Conclusion: This experiment was carried out in order to compare planting and seeding in the normal and early planting date to increase the yield of beet sugar in the weather conditions of Kermanshah. The results of the experiment in the first year showed that the early 6-week transplanting treatment was the best, which increased the dry matter of aerial organs, root yield and leaf area compared to other treatments. According to the obtained results, it seems that with the increase in the age of the plant, it has a higher ability to establish and optimally use environmental factors, and it has been able to make maximum use of environmental resources in cultivation earlier than the usual time and increase the dry matter of aerial organs, root yield, leaf area and plant height. The results of the experiment in the second year showed that compared to seeding, transplanting caused an increase in fresh and dry weight of aerial organs, fresh and dry root yield, root diameter, crown height and crown diameter. Also, from the results of the second year, it seems that, despite the multi-branching of the roots, the high sugar yield can be a good reason to replace direct cultivation with transplanting cultivation. One of the limitations of this research is the way to choose the shape of the seedling pot for the research. If the selected pots are very deep, multi-rooting may not happen. Considering that transplanting reduces the consumption of inputs in agriculture and the most important input in the agricultural sector of arid and semi-arid regions is water, therefore, beet transplanting is a promising solution to deal with drought. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Planting date, Root, Direct planting, Seedling | ||
| مراجع | ||
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